Victoria's Secret was started in San Francisco, California, in 1977 by Stanford Graduate School of Business alumnus Roy Raymond,[3] who felt embarrassed trying to purchase lingerie for his wife in a department store environment. He opened the first store at Stanford Shopping Center, and quickly followed it with a mail-order catalog and three other stores.[3] The stores were meant to create a comfortable environment for men, with wood-paneled walls, Victorian details and helpful sales staff. Instead of racks of bras and panties in every size, there were single styles, paired together and mounted on the wall in frames. Men could browse for styles for women and sales staff would help estimate the appropriate size, pulling from inventory in the back. In 1982, after five years of operations, Roy Raymond sold the company to The Limited.
The Limited kept the personalized image of Victoria's Secret intact. Victoria's Secret was rapidly expanded into the U.S. malls throughout the 1980s. The company was able to vend a widened range of products, such as shoes, evening wear, and perfumes, with its mail catalog issued eight times annually.
By the early 1990s, Victoria's Secret had become the largest American lingerie retailer, topping one billion dollars.[4]
On July 10, 2007, Limited Brands sold 75% of The Limited clothing chain to firm Sun Capital Partners to focus and boost sales growth on Victoria's Secret lingerie stores and Bath & Body Works units, which provided 72% of revenue in 2006 and almost all the firm's profit.[5] There are 1,000 Victoria's Secret lingerie stores and 100 independent Victoria's Secret Beauty Stores in the US, mostly in shopping centers. It sells brassieres, panties, hosiery, cosmetics, sleepwear, and other products. Victoria's Secret mails more than 400 million of its catalogs per year.[1] Under pressure from environmentalist groups, Victoria's Secret's parent firm and a conservation group have reached an agreement to make the lingerie retailer's catalog more environmentally friendly in 2006. The catalog will no longer be made of pulp supplied from any woodland caribou habitat range in Canada, unless it has been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council. The catalogs will also be made of 10 percent recycled paper from post-consumer waste.[6]
Victoria's Secret is now attempting to build its image with a fairly conservative, middle-class shopper in mind, avoiding any connotations of sleaziness that lingerie might carry.[4]
The company gained notoriety in the early 1990s after it began to use supermodels in its advertising and fashion shows. Throughout the past decade, it has turned down celebrity models and endorsements.[7]
Victoria's Secret makes use of a rigorous customer service model, stressing upselling, frequent staff attention, and signing up customers for a store credit card that provides discounts for frequent shoppers in the way of coupons by mail and free merchandise.[citation needed]
[edit] Victoria's Secret Angels"Victoria's Secret Angels" are the brand's most visible models and spokeswomen. The VS Angels made their début in 1999 in the fourth annual Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. Daniela Pestova, Karen Mulder, Laetitia Casta, Heidi Klum, Stephanie Seymour, and Tyra Banks are among the "Angels" from the original promotion.[8] In May 2007, the Victoria's Secret Angels, including Adriana Lima, Selita Ebanks, Alessandra Ambrosio, Izabel Goulart, and Karolina Kurkova were chosen to be part of People Magazine's annual "100 Most Beautiful People in the World" issue. [9] On November 13, 2007, Victoria's Secret Angels became the first trademark awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. [10] The 'Angels' are among the world's best-paid models.[7]
August 1, 1995
Plaza Hotel, New York City
Natane Adcock · Leilani Bishop · Catherine McCord · Beverly Peele · Stephanie Seymour · Ingrid Seynhaeve · Frederique van der Wal · Veronica Webb
[2]
01996-02-06 February 6, 1996
Plaza Hotel, New York City
Tyra Banks · Naomi Campbell · Helena Christensen · Stephanie Seymour · Frederique van der Wal
[4][26]
01997-02-04 February 4, 1997
Plaza Hotel, New York City
Tyra Banks · Naomi Campbell · Laetitia Casta · Helena Christensen · Tricia Helfer · Heidi Klum · Vendela Kirsebom · Georgianna Robertson · Claudia Schiffer · Ingrid Seynhaeve · Stephanie Seymour · Frederique van der Wal
[27][28][5]
01998-02-03 February 3, 1998
Plaza Hotel, New York City
Natane Adcock · Tyra Banks · Naomi Campbell · Laetitia Casta · Tricia Helfer · Jaime King · Heidi Klum · Rebecca Romijn · Stephanie Seymour · Patricia Velásquez
[1][6][29]
01999-02-03 February 3, 1999
Cipriani Wall Street restaurant, New York City
Natane Adcock · Tyra Banks · Elsa Benítez · Leilani Bishop · Gisele Bündchen · Laetitia Casta · Ana Cláudia Michels · Trish Goff · Eva Herzigová · Kirsty Hume · Kiara Kabukuru · Carmen Kass · Jaime King · Heidi Klum · Hollyanne Leonard · Adriana Lima · Karen Mulder · Daniela Peštová · Frankie Rayder · Inés Rivero · Stephanie Seymour · Eugenia Silva
[9][30][31][32][33][29]
02000-05-18 May 18, 2000
Cannes, France
Alessandra Ambrosio · Mini Anden · Danita Angell · Tyra Banks · Gisele Bündchen · Naomi Campbell · Laetitia Casta · Aurélie Claudel · Haylynn Cohen · Rhea Durham · Trish Goff · Eva Herzigová · Carmen Kass · Heidi Klum · Karolína Kurková · Adriana Lima · Angela Lindvall · Ana Cláudia Michels · Karen Mulder · Oluchi Onweagba · Daniela Peštová · Frankie Rayder · Caroline Ribeiro · Inés Rivero · Stephanie Seymour · Ingrid Seynhaeve · Fernanda Tavares
[10][1][34][35]
02001-11-13 November 13, 2001 (taped);[14]02001-11-15 November 15, 2001 (aired)[14]
Bryant Park, New York City
Alessandra Ambrosio · Mini Anden · Tyra Banks · Gisele Bündchen · Aurélie Claudel · Rhea Durham · Karen Elson · Trish Goff · Bridget Hall · Emma Heming · Eva Herzigová · Heidi Klum · Karolína Kurková · Anouck Lepere · Adriana Lima · Audrey Marnay · Diána Mészáros · Omahyra Mota · Daniela Peštová · Rie Rasmussen · Caroline Ribeiro · Inés Rivero · Maggie Rizer · Molly Sims · Fernanda Tavares · Alek Wek
[13][36][15]
02002-11-14 November 14, 2002 (taped);[37]02002-11-20 November 20, 2002 (aired)[38]
Lexington Avenue Armory,New York City
Michelle Alves · Alessandra Ambrosio · Caitriona Balfe · Tyra Banks · Ana Beatriz Barros · Letícia Birkheuer · Gisele Bündchen · Naomi Campbell · Dewi Driegen · Reka Ebergenyi · Lindsay Frimodt · Bridget Hall · Ana Hickmann · Carmen Kass · Liya Kebede · Heidi Klum · Karolína Kurková · Adriana Lima · Oluchi Onweagba · Daniela Peštová* · Ujjwala Raut · Frankie Rayder · Caroline Ribeiro · Inga Savita · Claudia Schiffer* · Nadine Strittmatter · Yfke Sturm · Fernanda Tavares · Eugenia Volodina · Raquel Zimmermann
[15][38][39][40]
02003-11-13 November 13, 2003 (taped);[16]02003-11-19 November 19, 2003 (aired)[41]
Lexington Avenue Armory,New York City
Michelle Alves · Alessandra Ambrosio · Mini Anden · Tyra Banks · Ana Beatriz Barros · Letícia Birkheuer · Marcelle Bittar · Gisele Bündchen · Naomi Campbell · Dewi Driegen · Isabeli Fontana · Lindsay Frimodt · Eva Herzigová* · Carmen Kass · Liya Kebede · Heidi Klum · Karolína Kurková · Adriana Lima · Angela Lindvall · Deanna Miller · Oluchi Onweagba · Ujjwala Raut · Frankie Rayder · Margarita Svegzdaite · Fernanda Tavares · Eugenia Volodina · Jacquetta Wheeler
[16][42][43][44]
02005-11-09 November 9, 2005 (taped);[17]02005-12-06 December 6, 2005 (aired)[45]
Lexington Avenue Armory,New York City
Alessandra Ambrosio, Tyra Banks, Bianca Balti, Ana Beatriz Barros, Gisele Bündchen, Inguna Butane, Naomi Campbell, Morgane Dubled, Selita Ebanks, Isabeli Fontana, Izabel Goulart, Heidi Klum, Tatiana Kovylina, Doutzen Kroes, Karolína Kurková, Adriana Lima, Angela Lindvall, Andi Muise, Oluchi Onweagba, Natasha Poly, Julia Stegner, Yfke Sturm, Fernanda Tavares, Caroline Trentini, Eugenia Volodina, Marija Vujović, Caroline Winberg, Raquel Zimmermann
[17][45][46][47]
02006-11-16 November 16, 2006 (taped);[20]02006-12-05 December 5, 2006 (aired)[48]
Kodak Theatre, Los Angeles
Alessandra Ambrosio · Ana Beatriz Barros · Gisele Bündchen · Jeísa Chiminazzo · Élise Crombez · Flavia de Oliveira · Thalita de Oliveira* · Morgane Dubled · Selita Ebanks · Izabel Goulart · Rosie Huntington-Whiteley · Miranda Kerr · Heidi Klum* · Doutzen Kroes · Karolína Kurková · Adriana Lima · Angela Lindvall · Heather Marks · Andi Muise · Ajuma Nasenyana · Oluchi Onweagba · Natasha Poly · Katja Shchekina · Hana Soukupová · Jessica Stam · Julia Stegner · Caroline Trentini · Caroline Winberg · Raquel Zimmermann
[18][20][48][49]
02007-11-16 November 16, 2007 (taped);[50]02007-12-04 December 4, 2007 (aired)[21]
Kodak Theatre, Los Angeles
Alessandra Ambrosio · Inguna Butane · Élise Crombez · Flavia de Oliveira · Morgane Dubled · Selita Ebanks · Lindsay Ellingson · Isabeli Fontana · Felita Franks* · Izabel Goulart · Rosie Huntington-Whiteley · Miranda Kerr · Heidi Klum · Michaela Kocianova · Karolína Kurková · Noémie Lenoir · Adriana Lima · Angela Lindvall · Marisa Miller · Andi Muise · Oluchi Onweagba · Behati Prinsloo · Hana Soukupová · Jessica Stam · Julia Stegner · Candice Swanepoel · Eugenia Volodina · Marija Vujović · Erin Wasson · Jessica White · Katie Wile · Caroline Winberg
[21][51][52]
02008-11-15 November 15, 2008 (taped);[53]02008-12-03 December 3, 2008 (aired)[54]
Fontainebleau Hotel, Miami
Clara Alonso, Alessandra Ambrosio, Ana Beatriz Barros, Inguna Butane, Shannan Click, Emanuela de Paula, Flavia de Oliveira, Morgane Dubled, Selita Ebanks, Lindsay Ellingson, Isabeli Fontana, Izabel Goulart, Erin Heatherton, Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, Carmen Kass, Miranda Kerr, Heidi Klum, Doutzen Kroes, Karolína Kurková, Abbey Lee, Noémie Lenoir, Adriana Lima, Maryna Linchuk, Angela Lindvall, Sessilee Lopez, Marisa Miller, Arlenis Sosa Pena, Behati Prinsloo, Julia Stegner, Sarah Stephens, Lara Stone, Candice Swanepoel, Edita Vilkeviciute, Anne Vyalitsyna, Caroline Winberg
The Limited kept the personalized image of Victoria's Secret intact. Victoria's Secret was rapidly expanded into the U.S. malls throughout the 1980s. The company was able to vend a widened range of products, such as shoes, evening wear, and perfumes, with its mail catalog issued eight times annually.
By the early 1990s, Victoria's Secret had become the largest American lingerie retailer, topping one billion dollars.[4]
On July 10, 2007, Limited Brands sold 75% of The Limited clothing chain to firm Sun Capital Partners to focus and boost sales growth on Victoria's Secret lingerie stores and Bath & Body Works units, which provided 72% of revenue in 2006 and almost all the firm's profit.[5] There are 1,000 Victoria's Secret lingerie stores and 100 independent Victoria's Secret Beauty Stores in the US, mostly in shopping centers. It sells brassieres, panties, hosiery, cosmetics, sleepwear, and other products. Victoria's Secret mails more than 400 million of its catalogs per year.[1] Under pressure from environmentalist groups, Victoria's Secret's parent firm and a conservation group have reached an agreement to make the lingerie retailer's catalog more environmentally friendly in 2006. The catalog will no longer be made of pulp supplied from any woodland caribou habitat range in Canada, unless it has been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council. The catalogs will also be made of 10 percent recycled paper from post-consumer waste.[6]
Victoria's Secret is now attempting to build its image with a fairly conservative, middle-class shopper in mind, avoiding any connotations of sleaziness that lingerie might carry.[4]
The company gained notoriety in the early 1990s after it began to use supermodels in its advertising and fashion shows. Throughout the past decade, it has turned down celebrity models and endorsements.[7]
Victoria's Secret makes use of a rigorous customer service model, stressing upselling, frequent staff attention, and signing up customers for a store credit card that provides discounts for frequent shoppers in the way of coupons by mail and free merchandise.[citation needed]
[edit] Victoria's Secret Angels"Victoria's Secret Angels" are the brand's most visible models and spokeswomen. The VS Angels made their début in 1999 in the fourth annual Victoria's Secret Fashion Show. Daniela Pestova, Karen Mulder, Laetitia Casta, Heidi Klum, Stephanie Seymour, and Tyra Banks are among the "Angels" from the original promotion.[8] In May 2007, the Victoria's Secret Angels, including Adriana Lima, Selita Ebanks, Alessandra Ambrosio, Izabel Goulart, and Karolina Kurkova were chosen to be part of People Magazine's annual "100 Most Beautiful People in the World" issue. [9] On November 13, 2007, Victoria's Secret Angels became the first trademark awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. [10] The 'Angels' are among the world's best-paid models.[7]
August 1, 1995
Plaza Hotel, New York City
Natane Adcock · Leilani Bishop · Catherine McCord · Beverly Peele · Stephanie Seymour · Ingrid Seynhaeve · Frederique van der Wal · Veronica Webb
[2]
01996-02-06 February 6, 1996
Plaza Hotel, New York City
Tyra Banks · Naomi Campbell · Helena Christensen · Stephanie Seymour · Frederique van der Wal
[4][26]
01997-02-04 February 4, 1997
Plaza Hotel, New York City
Tyra Banks · Naomi Campbell · Laetitia Casta · Helena Christensen · Tricia Helfer · Heidi Klum · Vendela Kirsebom · Georgianna Robertson · Claudia Schiffer · Ingrid Seynhaeve · Stephanie Seymour · Frederique van der Wal
[27][28][5]
01998-02-03 February 3, 1998
Plaza Hotel, New York City
Natane Adcock · Tyra Banks · Naomi Campbell · Laetitia Casta · Tricia Helfer · Jaime King · Heidi Klum · Rebecca Romijn · Stephanie Seymour · Patricia Velásquez
[1][6][29]
01999-02-03 February 3, 1999
Cipriani Wall Street restaurant, New York City
Natane Adcock · Tyra Banks · Elsa Benítez · Leilani Bishop · Gisele Bündchen · Laetitia Casta · Ana Cláudia Michels · Trish Goff · Eva Herzigová · Kirsty Hume · Kiara Kabukuru · Carmen Kass · Jaime King · Heidi Klum · Hollyanne Leonard · Adriana Lima · Karen Mulder · Daniela Peštová · Frankie Rayder · Inés Rivero · Stephanie Seymour · Eugenia Silva
[9][30][31][32][33][29]
02000-05-18 May 18, 2000
Cannes, France
Alessandra Ambrosio · Mini Anden · Danita Angell · Tyra Banks · Gisele Bündchen · Naomi Campbell · Laetitia Casta · Aurélie Claudel · Haylynn Cohen · Rhea Durham · Trish Goff · Eva Herzigová · Carmen Kass · Heidi Klum · Karolína Kurková · Adriana Lima · Angela Lindvall · Ana Cláudia Michels · Karen Mulder · Oluchi Onweagba · Daniela Peštová · Frankie Rayder · Caroline Ribeiro · Inés Rivero · Stephanie Seymour · Ingrid Seynhaeve · Fernanda Tavares
[10][1][34][35]
02001-11-13 November 13, 2001 (taped);[14]02001-11-15 November 15, 2001 (aired)[14]
Bryant Park, New York City
Alessandra Ambrosio · Mini Anden · Tyra Banks · Gisele Bündchen · Aurélie Claudel · Rhea Durham · Karen Elson · Trish Goff · Bridget Hall · Emma Heming · Eva Herzigová · Heidi Klum · Karolína Kurková · Anouck Lepere · Adriana Lima · Audrey Marnay · Diána Mészáros · Omahyra Mota · Daniela Peštová · Rie Rasmussen · Caroline Ribeiro · Inés Rivero · Maggie Rizer · Molly Sims · Fernanda Tavares · Alek Wek
[13][36][15]
02002-11-14 November 14, 2002 (taped);[37]02002-11-20 November 20, 2002 (aired)[38]
Lexington Avenue Armory,New York City
Michelle Alves · Alessandra Ambrosio · Caitriona Balfe · Tyra Banks · Ana Beatriz Barros · Letícia Birkheuer · Gisele Bündchen · Naomi Campbell · Dewi Driegen · Reka Ebergenyi · Lindsay Frimodt · Bridget Hall · Ana Hickmann · Carmen Kass · Liya Kebede · Heidi Klum · Karolína Kurková · Adriana Lima · Oluchi Onweagba · Daniela Peštová* · Ujjwala Raut · Frankie Rayder · Caroline Ribeiro · Inga Savita · Claudia Schiffer* · Nadine Strittmatter · Yfke Sturm · Fernanda Tavares · Eugenia Volodina · Raquel Zimmermann
[15][38][39][40]
02003-11-13 November 13, 2003 (taped);[16]02003-11-19 November 19, 2003 (aired)[41]
Lexington Avenue Armory,New York City
Michelle Alves · Alessandra Ambrosio · Mini Anden · Tyra Banks · Ana Beatriz Barros · Letícia Birkheuer · Marcelle Bittar · Gisele Bündchen · Naomi Campbell · Dewi Driegen · Isabeli Fontana · Lindsay Frimodt · Eva Herzigová* · Carmen Kass · Liya Kebede · Heidi Klum · Karolína Kurková · Adriana Lima · Angela Lindvall · Deanna Miller · Oluchi Onweagba · Ujjwala Raut · Frankie Rayder · Margarita Svegzdaite · Fernanda Tavares · Eugenia Volodina · Jacquetta Wheeler
[16][42][43][44]
02005-11-09 November 9, 2005 (taped);[17]02005-12-06 December 6, 2005 (aired)[45]
Lexington Avenue Armory,New York City
Alessandra Ambrosio, Tyra Banks, Bianca Balti, Ana Beatriz Barros, Gisele Bündchen, Inguna Butane, Naomi Campbell, Morgane Dubled, Selita Ebanks, Isabeli Fontana, Izabel Goulart, Heidi Klum, Tatiana Kovylina, Doutzen Kroes, Karolína Kurková, Adriana Lima, Angela Lindvall, Andi Muise, Oluchi Onweagba, Natasha Poly, Julia Stegner, Yfke Sturm, Fernanda Tavares, Caroline Trentini, Eugenia Volodina, Marija Vujović, Caroline Winberg, Raquel Zimmermann
[17][45][46][47]
02006-11-16 November 16, 2006 (taped);[20]02006-12-05 December 5, 2006 (aired)[48]
Kodak Theatre, Los Angeles
Alessandra Ambrosio · Ana Beatriz Barros · Gisele Bündchen · Jeísa Chiminazzo · Élise Crombez · Flavia de Oliveira · Thalita de Oliveira* · Morgane Dubled · Selita Ebanks · Izabel Goulart · Rosie Huntington-Whiteley · Miranda Kerr · Heidi Klum* · Doutzen Kroes · Karolína Kurková · Adriana Lima · Angela Lindvall · Heather Marks · Andi Muise · Ajuma Nasenyana · Oluchi Onweagba · Natasha Poly · Katja Shchekina · Hana Soukupová · Jessica Stam · Julia Stegner · Caroline Trentini · Caroline Winberg · Raquel Zimmermann
[18][20][48][49]
02007-11-16 November 16, 2007 (taped);[50]02007-12-04 December 4, 2007 (aired)[21]
Kodak Theatre, Los Angeles
Alessandra Ambrosio · Inguna Butane · Élise Crombez · Flavia de Oliveira · Morgane Dubled · Selita Ebanks · Lindsay Ellingson · Isabeli Fontana · Felita Franks* · Izabel Goulart · Rosie Huntington-Whiteley · Miranda Kerr · Heidi Klum · Michaela Kocianova · Karolína Kurková · Noémie Lenoir · Adriana Lima · Angela Lindvall · Marisa Miller · Andi Muise · Oluchi Onweagba · Behati Prinsloo · Hana Soukupová · Jessica Stam · Julia Stegner · Candice Swanepoel · Eugenia Volodina · Marija Vujović · Erin Wasson · Jessica White · Katie Wile · Caroline Winberg
[21][51][52]
02008-11-15 November 15, 2008 (taped);[53]02008-12-03 December 3, 2008 (aired)[54]
Fontainebleau Hotel, Miami
Clara Alonso, Alessandra Ambrosio, Ana Beatriz Barros, Inguna Butane, Shannan Click, Emanuela de Paula, Flavia de Oliveira, Morgane Dubled, Selita Ebanks, Lindsay Ellingson, Isabeli Fontana, Izabel Goulart, Erin Heatherton, Rosie Huntington-Whiteley, Carmen Kass, Miranda Kerr, Heidi Klum, Doutzen Kroes, Karolína Kurková, Abbey Lee, Noémie Lenoir, Adriana Lima, Maryna Linchuk, Angela Lindvall, Sessilee Lopez, Marisa Miller, Arlenis Sosa Pena, Behati Prinsloo, Julia Stegner, Sarah Stephens, Lara Stone, Candice Swanepoel, Edita Vilkeviciute, Anne Vyalitsyna, Caroline Winberg
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